eThesis - Kauppakorkeakoulun sähköiset gradut

The classic example of a negative externality is that of an upstream paper mill polluting the water used by a downstream fishery. Though this example is simplistic, similar situations abound in real life. One real-world example of such a negative externality is the case where a mining facility negatively affects the operations of a nearby vacation resort. This particular situation is the object of analysis of this thesis. I consider the situation from the government's perspective, which faces a multi-criteria decision- making problem because it would like to keep both the mine and the resort operating simultaneously in order to maximize social welfare while at the same time trying to keep environmental damages to a minimum. This approach effectively makes the considered problem into a Stackelberg competition model, whereby the government acts as the leader by subjecting the firms to a certain level of pollution taxation, and the two firms - the mine and the resort - assume the roles of followers and adjust their operations accordingly. Furthermore, since the resort is directly and adversely affected by the mine's operations, the relationship between them can also be viewed as a Stackelberg model, and the problem becomes a tri-level optimization problem compared to the classic bilevel Stackelberg problems encountered in the literature. The closed-form analytical solution to the problem is presented, which includes the formulations of the optimal taxation structures for the leader, the optimal operating levels of the followers, and the optimal profits of all parties involved. The relationships between the players are clearly illustrated by various graphs, and some shortcoming and worthwhile extensions of the model are also discussed.